Fix annotation upload retries and exhausted retry counts

[mstevens843]

Summary

Project.save_annotation() constructs a Retry object but calls the adapter directly, so num_retry_uploads is ignored when saving annotations.

This routes annotation saves through the existing retry helper. It also fixes exhausted retry counts in both annotation and image uploads: the exception handlers now read the live counter instead of a value only updated after success.

This follows up on the retry behavior introduced in #362. Default retry budgets, retryable exception types, and argument forwarding remain unchanged.

Tests

Added 12 regression tests covering:

• Immediate success, transient failures, and exhausted retries.
• Zero retry budgets and non-retryable exceptions.
• Argument preservation across retries, including non-default values.
• Retry-budget forwarding through the public upload path.

Local validation:

• Full unittest suite: 1049 passed, 1 skipped.
• Ruff formatting and lint checks passed.
• Mypy passed.

HTTP responses are mocked and retry sleeps are patched, so the tests do not depend on network availability or backoff timing.